Aggregation Model and Market Mechanism for Virtual Power Plant Participation in Inertia and Primary Frequency Response

The declining inertia provision from synchronous generators in modern power systems necessitates aggregating distributed ener-gy resources (DERs) into virtual power plants (VPPs) to unlock their potential in delivering inertia and primary frequency re-sponse (IPFR) through ancillary service markets. To facilitate DER participation in the IPFR market, this paper proposes a DER aggregation model and market mechanism for VPP partici-pating in IPFR. First, an energy-IPFR market framework is de-veloped, in which a VPP acts as an intermediary to coordinate heterogeneous DERs. Second, by taking into account the delay associated with inertia, an optimization-based VPP aggregation method is introduced to encapsulate the IPFR process involving a variety of DERs. Third, an energy-IPFR market mechanism with VPP participation is introduced, aiming to minimize social costs while considering the frequency response delay characteristics of the participants. Finally, the performance of the proposed ap-proaches is verified by case studies on a modified IEEE 30-bus system.