Hybrid Magnetically and Electrically Powered Metallo-Dielectric Janus Microrobots: Enhanced Motion Control and Operation Beyond Planar Limits

This study introduces the integration of hybrid magnetic and electric actuation mechanisms to achieve advanced motion capabilities for Janus particle (JP) microrobots. We demonstrate enhanced in-plane motion control through versatile control strategies and present the concepts of interplanar transitions and 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) trajectories, enabled by magnetic levitation and electrostatic trapping. These innovations expand the mobility of JPs into 3D space, allowing dynamic operation beyond the limitations of traditional surface-bound motion. Key functionalities include obstacle crossing, transitions to elevated surfaces, and discrete surface patterning enabling highly localized interventions. Using this set of tools, we also showcase the controlled out-of-plane transport of both synthetic and biological cargo. Together, these advancements lay the groundwork for novel microrobot-related applications in microfluidic systems and biomedical research.