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Credit Risk Analysis for SMEs Using Graph Neural Networks in Supply Chain

Published: July 10, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2507.07854v2

By: Zizhou Zhang , Qinyan Shen , Zhuohuan Hu and more

BigTech Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley

Potential Business Impact:

Helps banks predict loan defaults using business connections.

Business Areas:
Predictive Analytics Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to the modern economy, yet their credit risk analysis often struggles with scarce data, especially for online lenders lacking direct credit records. This paper introduces a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based framework, leveraging SME interactions from transaction and social data to map spatial dependencies and predict loan default risks. Tests on real-world datasets from Discover and Ant Credit (23.4M nodes for supply chain analysis, 8.6M for default prediction) show the GNN surpasses traditional and other GNN baselines, with AUCs of 0.995 and 0.701 for supply chain mining and default prediction, respectively. It also helps regulators model supply chain disruption impacts on banks, accurately forecasting loan defaults from material shortages, and offers Federal Reserve stress testers key data for CCAR risk buffers. This approach provides a scalable, effective tool for assessing SME credit risk.

Country of Origin
πŸ‡ΊπŸ‡Έ United States

Page Count
10 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Machine Learning (CS)