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Confidence Estimation for Text-to-SQL in Large Language Models

Published: August 8, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2508.14056v1

By: Sepideh Entezari Maleki, Mohammadreza Pourreza, Davood Rafiei

Potential Business Impact:

Helps computers know if their database answers are right.

Confidence estimation for text-to-SQL aims to assess the reliability of model-generated SQL queries without having access to gold answers. We study this problem in the context of large language models (LLMs), where access to model weights and gradients is often constrained. We explore both black-box and white-box confidence estimation strategies, evaluating their effectiveness on cross-domain text-to-SQL benchmarks. Our evaluation highlights the superior performance of consistency-based methods among black-box models and the advantage of SQL-syntax-aware approaches for interpreting LLM logits in white-box settings. Furthermore, we show that execution-based grounding of queries provides a valuable supplementary signal, improving the effectiveness of both approaches.

Country of Origin
🇨🇦 Canada

Page Count
16 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Computation and Language