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Growing Perspectives: Modelling Embodied Perspective Taking and Inner Narrative Development Using Large Language Models

Published: September 15, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2509.11868v1

By: Sabrina Patania , Luca Annese , Anna Lambiase and more

Potential Business Impact:

Helps computers understand and work together better.

Business Areas:
Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

Language and embodied perspective taking are essential for human collaboration, yet few computational models address both simultaneously. This work investigates the PerspAct system [1], which integrates the ReAct (Reason and Act) paradigm with Large Language Models (LLMs) to simulate developmental stages of perspective taking, grounded in Selman's theory [2]. Using an extended director task, we evaluate GPT's ability to generate internal narratives aligned with specified developmental stages, and assess how these influence collaborative performance both qualitatively (action selection) and quantitatively (task efficiency). Results show that GPT reliably produces developmentally-consistent narratives before task execution but often shifts towards more advanced stages during interaction, suggesting that language exchanges help refine internal representations. Higher developmental stages generally enhance collaborative effectiveness, while earlier stages yield more variable outcomes in complex contexts. These findings highlight the potential of integrating embodied perspective taking and language in LLMs to better model developmental dynamics and stress the importance of evaluating internal speech during combined linguistic and embodied tasks.

Country of Origin
🇬🇧 🇮🇹 🇩🇪 United Kingdom, Italy, Germany

Page Count
6 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Computation and Language