Whisker-based Tactile Flight for Tiny Drones

Tiny flying robots hold great potential for search-and-rescue, safety inspections, and environmental monitoring, but their small size limits conventional sensing-especially with poor-lighting, smoke, dust or reflective obstacles. Inspired by nature, we propose a lightweight, 3.2-gram, whisker-based tactile sensing apparatus for tiny drones, enabling them to navigate and explore through gentle physical interaction. Just as rats and moles use whiskers to perceive surroundings, our system equips drones with tactile perception in flight, allowing obstacle sensing even in pitch-dark conditions. The apparatus uses barometer-based whisker sensors to detect obstacle locations while minimising destabilisation. To address sensor noise and drift, we develop a tactile depth estimation method achieving sub-6 mm accuracy. This enables drones to navigate, contour obstacles, and explore confined spaces solely through touch-even in total darkness along both soft and rigid surfaces. Running fully onboard a 192-KB RAM microcontroller, the system supports autonomous tactile flight and is validated in both simulation and real-world tests. Our bio-inspired approach redefines vision-free navigation, opening new possibilities for micro aerial vehicles in extreme environments.