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Counterfactually Fair Conformal Prediction

Published: October 9, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2510.08724v1

By: Ozgur Guldogan , Neeraj Sarna , Yuanyuan Li and more

Potential Business Impact:

Makes AI fair when guessing about people.

Business Areas:
Predictive Analytics Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

While counterfactual fairness of point predictors is well studied, its extension to prediction sets--central to fair decision-making under uncertainty--remains underexplored. On the other hand, conformal prediction (CP) provides efficient, distribution-free, finite-sample valid prediction sets, yet does not ensure counterfactual fairness. We close this gap by developing Counterfactually Fair Conformal Prediction (CF-CP) that produces counterfactually fair prediction sets. Through symmetrization of conformity scores across protected-attribute interventions, we prove that CF-CP results in counterfactually fair prediction sets while maintaining the marginal coverage property. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrate that on both synthetic and real datasets, across regression and classification tasks, CF-CP achieves the desired counterfactual fairness and meets the target coverage rate with minimal increase in prediction set size. CF-CP offers a simple, training-free route to counterfactually fair uncertainty quantification.

Page Count
20 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Machine Learning (CS)