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How Universal Are SAM2 Features?

Published: October 19, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2510.17051v1

By: Masoud Khairi Atani , Alon Harell , Hyomin Choi and more

Potential Business Impact:

Makes AI better at seeing, but not everything.

Business Areas:
Image Recognition Data and Analytics, Software

The trade-off between general-purpose foundation vision models and their specialized counterparts is critical for efficient feature coding design and is not yet fully understood. We investigate this trade-off by comparing the feature versatility of the general-purpose Hiera encoder against the segmentation-specialized Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM2). Using a lightweight, trainable neck to probe the adaptability of their frozen features, we quantify the information-theoretic cost of specialization. Our results reveal that while SAM2's specialization is highly effective for spatially-related tasks like depth estimation, it comes at a cost. The specialized SAM2 encoder underperforms its generalist predecessor, Hiera, on conceptually distant tasks such as pose estimation and image captioning, demonstrating a measurable loss of broader semantic information. A novel cross-neck analysis on SAM2 reveals that each level of adaptation creates a further representational bottleneck. Our analysis illuminates these trade-offs in feature universality, providing a quantitative foundation for designing efficient feature coding and adaptation strategies for diverse downstream applications.

Country of Origin
🇨🇦 Canada

Page Count
5 pages

Category
Computer Science:
CV and Pattern Recognition