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The Time to Consensus in a Blockchain: Insights into Bitcoin's "6 Blocks Rule''

Published: November 16, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2511.12687v1

By: Partha S. Dey, Aditya S. Gopalan, Vijay G. Subramanian

Potential Business Impact:

Helps make sure online money systems are fair.

Business Areas:
Blockchain Blockchain and Cryptocurrency

We investigate the time to consensus in Nakamoto blockchains. Specifically, we consider two competing growth processes, labeled \emph{honest} and \emph{adversarial}, and determine the time after which the honest process permananetly exceeds the adversarial process. This is done via queueing techniques. The predominant difficulty is that the honest growth process is subject to \emph{random delays}. In a stylized Bitcoin model, we compute the Laplace transform for the time to consensus and verify it via simulation.

Page Count
20 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing