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Failure of uniform laws of large numbers for subdifferentials and beyond

Published: November 20, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2511.16568v1

By: Lai Tian, Johannes O. Royset

Potential Business Impact:

Math rules break for bumpy shapes.

Business Areas:
A/B Testing Data and Analytics

We provide counterexamples showing that uniform laws of large numbers do not hold for subdifferentials under natural assumptions. Our results apply to random Lipschitz functions and random convex functions with a finite number of smooth pieces. Consequently, they resolve the questions posed by Shapiro and Xu [J. Math. Anal. Appl., 325(2), 2007] in the negative and highlight the obstacles nonsmoothness poses to uniform results.

Country of Origin
🇺🇸 United States

Page Count
14 pages

Category
Mathematics:
Optimization and Control