TenonOS: A Self-Generating LibOS-on-LibOS Framework for Time-Critical Embedded Operating Systems

The growing complexity of embedded systems creates tension between rich functionality and strict resource and real-time constraints. Traditional monolithic operating system and hypervisor designs suffer from resource bloat and unpredictable scheduling, making them unsuitable for time-critical workloads where low latency and low jitter are essential. We propose TenonOS, a demand-driven, self-generating, lightweight operating system framework for time-critical embedded systems that rethinks both hypervisor and operating system architectures. TenonOS introduces a LibOS-on-LibOS model that decomposes hypervisor and operating system functionality into fine-grained, reusable micro-libraries. A generative orchestration engine dynamically composes these libraries to synthesize a customized runtime tailored to each application's criticality, timing requirements, and resource profile. TenonOS consists of two core components: Mortise, a minimalist micro-hypervisor, and Tenon, a real-time library operating system. Mortise provides lightweight isolation and removes the usual double-scheduler overhead in virtualized setups, while Tenon provides precise and deterministic task management. By generating only the necessary software stack per workload, TenonOS removes redundant layers, minimizes the trusted computing base, and maximizes responsiveness. Experiments show a 40.28 percent reduction in scheduling latency, an ultra-compact 361 KiB memory footprint, and strong adaptability.