Hybrid Beamfocusing Design for RSMA-Enabled Near-Field Wideband Communications

Future wireless networks will utilize extremely large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs) over high-frequency bands, which, however, produce near-field spherical wavefronts and spatial wideband effects. To exploit and mitigate these, this paper proposes a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-enabled transmit scheme for wideband near-field communications (NFC). Our solution leverages true-time-delay (TTD)-based hybrid beamfocusing architectures to mitigate spatial wideband effect and reduce radio frequency chain requirements. The objective is to maximize the minimum rate by jointly optimizing frequency-dependent analog beamfocusing, frequency-independent analog beamfocusing, digital beamfocusing, and common rate allocation. To solve this complicated non-convex problem, we develop a penalty-based iterative algorithm that partitions the variables into three blocks and then employs block coordinate descent (BCD) to optimize each block alternately. This algorithm is further extended to support the sub-connected TTD-based analog beamfocusing architectures. Comprehensive simulation results indicate that our transmit scheme: 1) effectively compensates for spatial wideband effect, addressing a critical challenge in wideband operation; 2) achieves performance comparable to full digital beamfocusing while maintaining lower hardware complexity; 3) achieves substantial performance gains over the other two benchmarks.