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Bitcoin-IPC: Scaling Bitcoin with a Network of Proof-of-Stake Subnets

Published: December 29, 2025 | arXiv ID: 2512.23439v1

By: Marko Vukolić , Orestis Alpos , Jakov Mitrovski and more

Potential Business Impact:

Lets Bitcoin handle way more payments faster.

Business Areas:
Blockchain Blockchain and Cryptocurrency

We introduce Bitcoin-IPC, a software stack and protocol that scales Bitcoin towards helping it become the universal Medium of Exchange (MoE) by enabling the permissionless creation of fully programmable Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Layer-2 chains, called subnets, whose stake is denominated in L1 BTC. Bitcoin-IPC subnets rely on Bitcoin L1 for the communication of critical information, settlement, and security. Our design, inspired by SWIFT messaging and embedded within Bitcoin's SegWit mechanism, enables seamless value transfer across L2 subnets, routed through Bitcoin L1. Uniquely, this mechanism reduces the virtual-byte cost per transaction (vB per tx) by up to 23x, compared to transacting natively on Bitcoin L1, effectively increasing monetary transaction throughput from 7 tps to over 160 tps, without requiring any modifications to Bitcoin L1.

Repos / Data Links

Page Count
31 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing