Technological Transitions and the Limits of Inference in Adaptive Educational Systems

In contemporary educational systems, academic performance indicators play a central role in institutional evaluation and in the interpretation of student trajectories. However, under conditions of rapid technological change, the inferential validity of such indicators becomes increasingly fragile. This article examines how, in adaptive educational systems, statistically correct inferences may nevertheless become systematically misleading when structural conditions change. Adopting a theory-informed interpretive approach, the paper conceptualises technological transitions as exogenous structural perturbations that reconfigure incentives, constraints, and participation strategies, without necessarily implying a deterioration of underlying student capabilities. Drawing on prior empirical evidence for illustrative purposes, the analysis identifies recurring patterns of inferential instability, including level shifts, trend reconfigurations, and increased heterogeneity across cohorts. The argument integrates insights from complex adaptive systems theory, the sociology of quantification, and measurement theory to show how strategic behavioural adaptation can decouple the meaning of performance metrics from the constructs they are intended to represent. The paper concludes by emphasising the need for inferential caution when interpreting educational metrics in contexts of structural and technological transformation.