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Interpreting Transformers Through Attention Head Intervention

Published: January 7, 2026 | arXiv ID: 2601.04398v2

By: Mason Kadem, Rong Zheng

Potential Business Impact:

Helps us understand how AI makes decisions.

Business Areas:
Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

Neural networks are growing more capable on their own, but we do not understand their neural mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms' decision-making processes, or mechanistic interpretability, enables (1) accountability and control in high-stakes domains, (2) the study of digital brains and the emergence of cognition, and (3) discovery of new knowledge when AI systems outperform humans. This paper traces how attention head intervention emerged as a key method for causal interpretability of transformers. The evolution from visualization to intervention represents a paradigm shift from observing correlations to causally validating mechanistic hypotheses through direct intervention. Head intervention studies revealed robust empirical findings while also highlighting limitations that complicate interpretation.

Page Count
12 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Computation and Language