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Computing patient similarity based on unstructured clinical notes

Published: January 12, 2026 | arXiv ID: 2601.07385v1

By: Petr Zelina , Marko Řeháček , Jana Halámková and more

Potential Business Impact:

Finds similar patients for better cancer treatment.

Business Areas:
Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

Clinical notes hold rich yet unstructured details about diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes that are vital to precision medicine but hard to exploit at scale. We introduce a method that represents each patient as a matrix built from aggregated embeddings of all their notes, enabling robust patient similarity computation based on their latent low-rank representations. Using clinical notes of 4,267 Czech breast-cancer patients and expert similarity labels from Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, we evaluate several matrix-based similarity measures and analyze their strengths and limitations across different similarity facets, such as clinical history, treatment, and adverse events. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the presented method for downstream tasks, such as personalized therapy recommendations or toxicity warnings.

Country of Origin
🇨🇿 Czech Republic

Repos / Data Links

Page Count
12 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Machine Learning (CS)