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The unreasonable effectiveness of pattern matching

Published: January 16, 2026 | arXiv ID: 2601.11432v1

By: Gary Lupyan, Blaise Agüera y Arcas

Potential Business Impact:

Computers understand made-up words by patterns.

Business Areas:
Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence, Data and Analytics, Software

We report on an astonishing ability of large language models (LLMs) to make sense of "Jabberwocky" language in which most or all content words have been randomly replaced by nonsense strings, e.g., translating "He dwushed a ghanc zawk" to "He dragged a spare chair". This result addresses ongoing controversies regarding how to best think of what LLMs are doing: are they a language mimic, a database, a blurry version of the Web? The ability of LLMs to recover meaning from structural patterns speaks to the unreasonable effectiveness of pattern-matching. Pattern-matching is not an alternative to "real" intelligence, but rather a key ingredient.

Country of Origin
🇺🇸 United States

Page Count
15 pages

Category
Computer Science:
Computation and Language